Soil
When it comes to the difference of crops, the first thing that comes to mind is the difference of soil, which is a big dimension, because the soil is also different in different parts of the same country. I will briefly talk about the type of soil and the acidity and alkalinity of the soil.So there are more kinds of soil in China than in Britain, and in theory, there are more kinds of crops in China.
Soil can be divided into three types: sandy soil, clayey soil and loam. The main soil genetic types in China can be summarized as red soil, brown soil, cinnamon soil, black soil, chestnut soil, desert soil, fluvo-aquic soil (including Shajiang black soil), irrigation and silt soil, paddy soil, wet soil (meadow, swamp soil), saline-alkali soil, lithologic soil and alpine soil. The properties of sandy soil are as follows: high sand content, rough particles, fast water seepage, poor water retention and good ventilation. The properties of clayey soil: low sand content, fine particles, slow water seepage, good water retention and poor ventilation. The properties of loam are as follows: general sand content, general grain size, general water seepage rate, general water retention performance and general ventilation performance. Differentiation and combination of soil types on the land surface of the earth. It is closely related to the comprehensive changes of physical and geographical conditions.
Soil properties are closely related to soil formation / environmental forcing factors, such as topography, climate and parent materials. The relationship between soil physical and chemical properties and soil-forming factors has been studied all over the world. Soil pH value is an index to measure soil acidity and alkalinity, which represents the concentration of H + in soil solution. Soil pH value is a key index of soil properties and is considered to be one of the main variables affecting other soil properties. Studies have shown that soil pH can affect crop yield, soil nutrient release and soil microbial activities to a great extent. If the farmland soil is too acidic or alkaline, land production will be restricted.
Mean estimates of pH in topsoil (0-15cm depth). Measures of pH give an indication of soil acidity. Soil pH also affects the concentrations of trace elements in soils; in general most trace elements become more available to plants and microbes in neutral or slightly acidic soils. The UK National Ecosystem Assessment (UKNEA 2011) recognises soil pH as a key component of natural capital for supporting ecosystem services, in particular nutrient cycling, as well as soil formation and primary production. The supporting services underpin the delivery of provisioning and regulating ecosystem services; soil pH is particularly important for food, fibre and energy from agriculture and forestry, soil quality and water quality. The UKNEA notes, that it is well established that there has been a recent decrease in soil acidity due to declines in sulphate deposition and "acid rain" since the late 1970’s. Soils beneath enclosed farmland broad habitats (including arable habitats, improved and semiimproved neutral grassland) are the least acid in England with pH generally >6. More acidic soils (pH<5) are associated with upland habitats such as acid grassland, bog and heathland.The map reflects these differences showing, for instance, soils with higher pH in East Anglia and lower pH in upland areas in the North West. Soil pH has high spatial variability. The standard error map gives an indication of the uncertainty in the estimated values shown on the mean pH map; the greater the standard error the greater the uncertainty.
The ideal pH for plant growth is between 5.5 and 8, and the pH value is less than 5.5, which increases the acidity and the soil is acidic. Batteries and beer, which are common in our lives, are highly acidic. When the pH value is more than 8, the soil is alkaline. Soaps and caustic soda, for example, are highly alkaline.
Most of the soil pH values in China are between 4.5 and 8.5. Most of the soils in the south are acidic, the pH is less than 7, while in the north, the soil is alkaline, and the pH is more than 7. The pH value of British soil is generally too low, so some crops are not suitable for growing in the UK. But, soil is only a small factor and can be artificial change, so please listen to the following speech.
Mean estimates of topsoil pH (0-15cm depth) Uncertainty: Standard error from the mean estimates. (n.d.). [online] Available at: https://eip.ceh.ac.uk/naturalengland-ncmaps/reports/topsoilpH_report.pdf.
Quantitative knowledge of the factors and interactions affecting yield is essential for site-specific crop management.One of the factors that frequency affects yield is topography.(1)There are great differences in crops between Britain and China. The difference in crop types between the two countries is mainly due to the terrain. The type of terrain determines the type of agriculture. Because of the influence of slope, slope shape, affecting agricultural production. Different terrain will have different types of agriculture, such as mountain terrain, which is suitable for developing forest and fruit industry or animal husbandry due to its large undulation. The plain is flat and suitable for farming. The tableland of the plateau is open, animal husbandry can be developed in arid and semi-arid areas, and farming can also be appropriately developed in areas with rich water resources.As can be seen from the picture below, Britain has different terrain.
1.1The main types of crops in Britain are related to landforms
The rapid development of agriculture depends on local conditions. This is a major strategy of agricultural development.(3)The terrain of Britain is high in the northwest and low in the southeast. The main terrain in the northwest is the plateau. The east and southeast are mainly lowlands, which form part of the Great European Plain. Britain's agriculture is regional and highly specialized. Britain is a small country, but the natural conditions in different parts of the country are obviously different. In order to give full play to the advantages of different regions, the government has divided the whole country into four agricultural regions according to the characteristics of different regions. First, the fertile southeast is an agricultural region dominated by grain production; Secondly, southern England, most of Wales and northern Scotland, which have high terrain, abundant rainfall and poor soil conditions, are grassland areas, mainly engaged in animal husbandry and concurrently engaged in forestry. The plains of central and northern England and southern Scotland, where grain and animal husbandry are heavily farmed; Northern Ireland mainly raises cattle, pigs and potatoes, and concurrently engages in forestry. The eastern, southern and central-western parts of England are densely populated with enterprises and well-developed transportation, which provides favorable market and transportation conditions for the production of fresh milk, fruits and vegetables. However, the southern and northern highlands of Scotland and the mountainous areas in central Wales are far away from the economic center and have a small population. So far, a large area of land has been reserved for extensive grazing and sheep farming still occupies an important position. England occupies the largest part of the land in the south of Great Britain, where the terrain is gentle, mostly plains, hills and marshes. Especially in the eastern coastal areas of England, the land is fertile and suitable for farming. The amount of precipitation affects the growth of crops.(2)Britain mainly cultivates cereal crops, potatoes, sugar beets and so on.
1.2The main crops in China are related to the terrain
China has a vast territory with a variety of terrain, the main terrain is mainly plains and hills. The main food crops in China are wheat, rice, corn, millet and other crops. For different topographical structures, the Chinese grow different types of crops. The Yellow River flood plain in China is located between the Haihe River plain and the Huaibei plain. It is formed by the impact of the Yellow River. It includes a relatively large amount of sedimentary, saline-alkali and sandy land. Therefore, people mainly cultivate crops such as cotton, peanuts, rice and dates. On the other hand, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China is mainly for valley agriculture. Its main crops are wheat, barley, beans and so on. In the valley of the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River in the southern part of the plateau, the slope is gentle and the soil layer is deep. It is suitable for farming and is a relatively rich agricultural area. It is most suitable for the growth of wheat, peas, rape and other crops.
In short, the terrain has a great impact on a country's agricultural development. Different topography not only affects the type of crops, but also affects factors such as precipitation and temperature in the region. These have an important impact on the yield and variety of crops.
reference list
[1]J Kumhálová, et al. "The impact of topography on soil properties and yield and the effects of weather conditions." Precision Agriculture 12.6(2011):813-830.
[2]Earth Science,"Climate and Crop Growth".viewed 19 December 2021,<https://www.nationalgeographic.org/activity/climate-crop-growth/>
[3] Yu-Hong, L. I. , and B. Qin . "The thinking about adjust western region's agricultural structure." The Border Economy and Culture (2005).
Climate
I want to discuss the impact of climate on crops，UK and China have different climate characteristics .The main climate type in China is the continental monsoon climate. Its general feature is that it is heavily influenced by the continent, and under the continental climate conditions, both solar radiation and ground radiation are large.
Therefore, the summer temperature is very high, the air pressure is very low, so it is very hot, and the humidity is high. Controlled by cold and high pressure in winter, the temperature is very low and it is also very dry。
This climate has led to a large number of corn and wheat planted in China，。However, due to China’s large territory, there are many different climates in China.
The climate in the south of China is hotter than that in the north so the crops grown in the north and south are different.
The crops grown in the north are mostly are corn and rice, while in the south Generally rich in fruits and rice From the above, it appears that China is affected by the climate and grows a variety of crops in the country.
UK climate is mostly temperate oceanic ，Because the climate is humid and the rainfall is large, it is not suitable for the development of planting industry，
But British animal husbandry is well developed，At this point, British dairy products are cheaper than Chinese ones.
This is the part about climate that I am responsible for.As the climate warms, the survival time of various types of crop-damaging pests and diseases will not only be extended accordingly, but will also migrate northwards over winter as the planting belt moves northwards, resulting in a gradual expansion of the range of pests and diseases.
survival time will not only be extended accordingly, but will also migrate northwards over winter as the planting belt moves northwards, leading to a gradual expansion of the damage caused by pests and diseases.
A large outbreak of a particular type of pest or disease can cause incalculable and huge losses.
Therefore, it is necessary to take appropriate measures and countermeasures to cope with the adverse effects of climate change on agricultural production, and to avoid harm in order to ensure good crop growth and food security.
To ensure the good growth of crops, food security and livelihood safety, it is necessary to further improve farmers' awareness of disaster prevention. Firstly, we need to further improve farmers' awareness and ability to prevent, resist and avoid disasters.
The first step is to raise farmers' awareness and ability to prevent and avoid disasters. The technical staff of the relevant units should regularly visit the countryside to disseminate weather information and to teach them about weather and general knowledge.
The technical staff of the relevant units should regularly visit the countryside to disseminate and promote weather information, and to impart relevant weather knowledge and knowledge. The technical guidance and assistance to farmers should be tailored to local conditions. We take an easy-to-understand approach to weather forecasting, agricultural
We will gradually improve the farmers' ability to prevent and avoid disasters by providing them with easy-to-understand weather forecasts, advice on agricultural measures and reminders on pest control. According to the climate, season, temperature, humidity, precipitation and other
In accordance with the specific conditions of climate, season, temperature, humidity and precipitation, corresponding measures will be taken to increase the temperature, replenish water and reduce humidity, prevent cold and frost, drought and drainage, etc., so as to provide crops with suitable
In addition, it is important to take appropriate measures to increase temperature and humidity, supplement water and humidity, prevent freezing and drought and drainage, so as to provide crops with a suitable growing environment and conditions to meet their needs for temperature, humidity and water. At the same time, according to the characteristics of the local climate, we should reasonably adjust the planting
At the same time, the structure of crops and planting varieties should be reasonably adjusted according to local climatic characteristics to avoid the impact of unfavourable factors and minimise damage and losses. Reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate
The warming trend. We need to strengthen investment in long-term climate observation and research, especially in the application of basic and practical technologies, to effectively prevent and control the impact of climate change on agricultural production and other aspects.
The impact and harm of climate change on agricultural production and other aspects.
The impact of climate change on agricultural production is intensifying, so it is important to take active measures to prevent and control it and to effectively address or reduce the impact on crop growth and agricultural production.
It is a long-term and arduous task to take preventive and control measures to effectively address or reduce the impacts and hazards caused to crop growth and agricultural production, and to plan ahead and prevent problems before they occur, so as to ensure agricultural
It is a long-term and arduous task to ensure agricultural production, food security and long-term socio-economic development.
Deschenes, O. & Greenstone, M. (2007) The economic impacts of climate change: Evidence from agricultural output and random fluctuations in weather, American Economic Review, 97(1), pp. 354–385