Technology
As we know, there are many differences between Chinese and British crops, and there are many influencing factors. In this section, we will focus our analysis on the aspect of science and technology, which is the human factor that influences the differences between Chinese and British crops. First, we analyze the impact of science and technology on the development of agricultural crops in China. Based on the reconstructed agricultural science and technology innovation index system, we apply the TOPSIS entropy weighting method to measure the level of agricultural science and technology innovation in China, and use the spatial autocorrelation model, trend surface model and spatial gravity model to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution of agricultural science and technology innovation. properties and applied the GWR model to investigate the underlying impact mechanism. The results show that (1) the level of innovation in agricultural science and technology in China is low, with a large hierarchical difference and a bipolar development trend from northeast, north and east China to southwest and northwest China; (2) there are obvious intra-regional differences in the level of innovation in agricultural science and technology in China, and the spatial pattern is basically an inverted trend. The structure of the spatial nexus network is characterized by "dense in the east, sparse in the west", and the spatial nexus between Northeast and East China is obvious, forming a strong Heilongjiang-Zhejiang-Anhui spatial triangle and a strong Shaanxi-Shandong, Shandong-Hubei and Shaanxi-Zhejiang intersection nexus. (2) The spatial differentiation pattern of Heilongjiang-Zhejiang-Anhui intersection (3) Government support, human capital strength and Internet+ strategy have strong positive effects on agricultural science and technology innovation, while the level of rural economy and agricultural resource supply have negative effects on agricultural science and technology innovation in some regions, and the degree of regional openness has negative effects on agricultural science and technology innovation in most regions. On the other hand, given the increasing resource and environmental constraints of Chinese agriculture, long-term agricultural growth cannot be achieved through unlimited inputs of production factors, and the only option is to increase agricultural productivity. Increasing agricultural productivity is a key pathway for China's future agricultural growth and modernisation. According to Schulz, to transform traditional agriculture, it is essential to introduce new elements, break the traditional agricultural balance and achieve a qualitative leap in agricultural productivity. Roemer, a leading proponent of the new growth theory, stressed that technological innovation is at the heart of economic growth and that R&D-led innovation can explain much of the increase in output per capita. The main objective of agricultural modernisation is to achieve a significant increase in the efficiency of agricultural production through innovation and technological development in modern agricultural science and technology. The contribution of agricultural science and technology is an important factor in promoting innovation and development in agricultural science and technology, and is also the material basis and precondition for innovation and development in agricultural science and technology.
The analysis from the British point of view is based on the fact that Britain was industrialised before China and had a very different social system. It is therefore necessary to analyse modern technology in Britain from a different perspective. Britain is now the sixth largest economy in the world, which naturally lends itself to the development of agriculture. The agricultural population is about 476,000, accounting for 1.6% of the total workforce of society. Agricultural production is about $17.64 billion, representing only 0.6% of GDP, but the Government continues to focus on agricultural and rural development, led by the EU Common Agricultural Policy, and continues to promote agricultural modernisation at a higher level. and green development. All these six points can only be achieved with the support of technology. From the layout analysis, it can be said that the distinct regional layouts fully exploit the comparative advantages of each region, and are suitable for food for food, livestock for livestock and forestry for forestry, and have improved the efficiency and specialisation of agricultural production. The second point, the scale of management, the continuous expansion of the farm scale has improved the efficiency of production, reduced the cost of production, and stabilized and improved the management efficiency of the farm owner. The third point, the mechanization of production, this important point depends on science and technology, it is obvious that the British agricultural machinery is more developed and technologically advanced, complete and large with full power characteristics. It is understood that the average power of each tractor more than 100 kilowatts, the operating efficiency of large combine harvesters up to 4 hectares per hour, the average farm labour has one tractor, 0.5 combine harvesters, power equipment more than 52 kilowatts. Cereal production, from sowing to harvesting, washing, store entry and exit, is all mechanised; fruit and vegetable production is highly mechanised, including sowing, weeding, fertilising, spraying, harvesting and packing; livestock production has achieved almost complete mechanisation, including feed processing, feeding, disease control, animal product processing and manure disposal. The level of mechanisation has been improved to meet the needs of expanding farms and to promote the promotion and application of science and technology. Agricultural technology research and development, especially the dissemination and application of precision farming technology, has been given great importance by the UK government, partly because of the development of the mechanisation of production. Statistics show that precision farming techniques can increase wheat yields by over 8%, barley yields by over 25% and average fuel consumption from 38 litres to 23 litres per hectare. On the fifth point, the professionalisation of farmers, training has led to the professional introduction of many farmers, enabling them to demonstrate the role of technology in agriculture. Finally, green development, which not only develops food and animal feed production, but also protects soil and water, beautifies the countryside and achieves harmony between man and nature. The most worthy issue of study in China is the issue of food security in the UK, namely Satellites and drones are imperative for food production and security.(2019)
Reference: 2019. [online] Available at: <https://agriculturepost.com/can-satellite-imagery-strengthen-food-security/> [Accessed 18 December 2021].
Policy
The Chinese government controls the planting direction of Chinese agriculture through the improved seed subsidy policy.
Seed subsidy refers to the subsidy given by the state to farmers to choose high-quality crop varieties. The purpose is to support farmers to actively use excellent crop seeds and improve the coverage rate of improved varieties. In 2011, the scale of improved seed subsidies was further expanded, and the standards of some varieties were further improved. The central government allocated a subsidy of 22 billion yuan for improved varieties, an increase of 1.6 billion yuan over the previous year. Rice, wheat, corn and cotton, as well as soybean and winter rape in some areas are fully covered. Wheat, corn, soybean and rape subsidize 10 yuan per mu, among which, the subsidies for improved wheat varieties in Xinjiang increased to 15 yuan. The subsidy standard for early rice was raised to 15 yuan. The subsidies for rice, corn and rape are in the form of direct cash subsidies, while the subsidies for wheat, soybean and cotton can be in the form of unified bidding and price difference purchase, or direct cash subsidies. Continue to implement potato seed production subsidies, implement highland barley seed subsidies in Tibetan areas, and continue to implement peanut seed subsidies in some peanut producing areas.
The farm machinery purchase subsidy was implemented in 2004. Since then, the central government has continuously increased its investment, and the scale of subsidy funds has increased substantially year after year. In 2011, the subsidies for the purchase of agricultural machinery and tools increased to 17.5 billion yuan, an increase of 2 billion yuan over the previous year, and the subsidies continued to cover all agricultural and animal husbandry counties (farms) in China; The types of subsidized machines and tools cover 180 items in 12 categories, 46 subcategories. On this basis, each place can add another 30 items by itself. The central government subsidizes the purchase of agricultural machinery in a fixed way, and agricultural machinery of the same kind and grade is subject to uniform subsidy standards in the province. The quota subsidy is calculated by not exceeding 30% of the average price of each province and market. The maximum subsidy for a single machine is 50,000 yuan, some large agricultural machinery can be increased to 120,000 yuan, and the subsidy for large cotton pickers, sugar cane harvesters and tractors with more than 200 horsepower can be increased to 200,000 yuan. Article 1 These Measures are formulated in order to strengthen the management of the central government's subsidy funds for improved varieties of crops (hereinafter referred to as the subsidy funds for improved varieties of crops), support farmers (including farm workers, the same below) to use improved varieties and mobilize farmers' production enthusiasm, speed up the popularization of improved varieties of crops, improve the quality and output of crop products, and improve the efficiency in the use of funds.
Article 2 The term "improved crop varieties" as mentioned in these Measures refers to crop varieties that have been approved by the national or provincial crop variety approval committee, are suitable for popularization and application, meet the needs of agricultural production and have good market prospects.
The crop varieties subsidized by the central government include rice, wheat, corn, soybean, rape, cotton and other crop varieties determined by the state.
Article 3 The Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Agriculture jointly organize the implementation of the improved seed subsidy policy, and guide local financial departments and agricultural departments at all levels (including those of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, the same below) to do a good job in organizing and implementing the management. The financial and agricultural departments at all levels should make a clear division of labor, implement responsibilities, strengthen coordination and close cooperation.
The financial department is responsible for implementing the budget of seed subsidy funds, working out the fund allocation scheme with the agricultural department, allocating subsidy funds, and supervising and inspecting the use and management of subsidy funds.
The agricultural department is responsible for the specific organization, implementation and management of the improved seed subsidy policy? Work out the implementation plan and verify the subsidy area for improved varieties? Promote improved varieties, organize production management, technical training and provide consulting services, supervise the implementation process and evaluate the implementation effect.
Article 4 The Ministry of Agriculture, together with the Ministry of Finance, will issue annual implementation guidance, which includes subsidized crop varieties, subsidized area, subsidized standard and subsidized fund scale, etc. The provincial agricultural and financial departments shall organize the preparation of the annual implementation plan and submit it to the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Finance for the record within the prescribed time limit. The implementation plan includes the recommended varieties of improved varieties, the planting area of improved varieties, the amount of subsidy funds, the distribution methods of subsidy funds, specific measures to implement management responsibilities and other relevant information.
Reclamation areas (farms) shall submit annual implementation plans to agriculture and finance departments according to financial affiliation.
Under the leadership of the government, because of the sharp reduction of wheat production in 2020, its domestic flour enterprises have started to import wheat from Germany one after another, and the import volume has reached 200,000 to 600,000 tons in just a few weeks. Therefore, this year's wheat harvest area has increased by 28% compared with 2020, reaching 1.62 million hectares. Wheat planting area increased by 26%. These are all government-guided influences on crop varieties.
Therefore, the government is instructive for farmers to cultivate.
www.gztaijiang.gov.cn. (n.d.). 农作物良种补贴. [online] Available at: http://www.gztaijiang.gov.cn/ztzl/tjhmzcmbk/nyhnzc/201810/t20181030_25630886.html [Accessed 19 Dec. 2021].